This lesson
covers the impressive and sometimes disturbing teachings about the end of the
age we live in.
Luke 21:7-19
The Signs of the Times and the End of the Age
Luke 21:7-19
7 So they asked Him, saying,
"Teacher, but when will these things be? And what sign will there be when
these things are about to take place?"
8 And He said: "Take heed that you not be deceived. For many will come in My
name, saying, 'I am He,' and, 'The time has drawn near.' Therefore do not go
after them. 9 But when you hear of wars
and commotions, do not be terrified; for these things must come to pass first,
but the end will not come immediately."
10 Then He said to them, "Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against
kingdom. 11 And there will be great
earthquakes in various places, and famines and pestilences; and there will be
fearful sights and great signs from heaven.
12 But before all these things, they will lay their hands on you and
persecute you, delivering you up to the synagogues and prisons. You will be
brought before kings and rulers for My name's sake. 13 But it will turn out for you as an
occasion for testimony. 14 Therefore
settle it in your hearts not to meditate beforehand on what you will answer; 15 for I will give you a mouth and wisdom
which all your adversaries will not be able to contradict or resist. 16 You will be betrayed even by parents and
brothers, relatives and friends; and they will put some of you to death. 17 And you will be hated by all for My name's
sake. 18 But not a hair of your head
shall be lost. 19 By your patience
possess your souls.
(Compare Matthew 24:3-14; Mark 13:3-13)
Introduction
Last week we
looked at Luke 21:5-6:
5 Then, as some spoke of the temple,
how it was adorned with beautiful stones and donations, He said, 6 "These
things which you see — the days will come in which not one stone shall be left
upon another that shall not be thrown down."
and talked
about those verses strictly in light of the destruction of the Herod’s Temple
in Jerusalem. Certainly from the parallel passage in the Gospel of Mark 13:1-2,
such an interpretation seems possible.
1 Then as He went out of the temple,
one of His disciples said to Him, "Teacher, see what manner of stones and
what buildings are here!"
2 And Jesus answered and said to
him, "Do you see these great buildings? Not one stone shall be left upon
another, that shall not be thrown down."
It is, I
believe possible and valid to read Mark 13:9-13 as Jesus speaking to His
disciples about the events of their lives leading up to the destruction of
Jerusalem in 70 A.D.. In the account of the early church in the Book of Acts,
we can read of how Jesus’ words to the disciples rang true:
9 "But watch out for
yourselves, for they will deliver you up to councils, and you will be beaten in
the synagogues. You will be brought before rulers and kings for My sake, for a
testimony to them. 10 And the gospel
must first be preached to all the nations.
11 But when they arrest you and deliver you up, do not worry beforehand,
or premeditate what you will speak. But whatever is given you in that hour,
speak that; for it is not you who speak, but the Holy Spirit. 12 Now brother will betray brother to death,
and a father his child; and children will rise up against parents and cause
them to be put to death. 13 And you will
be hated by all for My name's sake. But he who endures to the end shall be
saved.”
Indeed many of them were delivered up to the
Sanhedrin, beaten in synagogues, brought before rulers and kings, and they used
the opportunity to testify of Jesus. Some of the speeches given by Peter do
indeed read as if they are the words of the Holy Spirit, not the words of an
illiterate fisherman. And the church as a whole did indeed suffer persecution
at that time, first from the Jews, and later from the Romans. However, this is
not the approach I will take in looking our passage in Luke 21:7-19.
We have
talked before how prophesy may often have several fulfillments. For example, in
our study in Luke 20, we saw how God’s promise to King David in 1 Chronicles 17:11-14
to set up his seed on the throne after him was fulfilled immediately by David’s
son Solomon and much later by David’s descendant Jesus.
In the same way, I believe that this prophesy by
Jesus was fulfilled initially in the destruction of the Herod’s Temple in 70
A.D. and will be fulfilled later, during the end of this age. We can see this
most clearly in the parallel account from Matthew 24:3:
3 Now as He sat on the Mount of
Olives, the disciples came to Him privately, saying, "Tell us, when will
these things be? And what will be the sign of Your coming, and of the end of
the age?"
Scripture
tells us that there will be a destruction and recreation of things during the
last days. For example we find this idea in Isaiah 65:17 where the Lord
promises "For behold, I create new
heavens and a new earth; And the former shall not be remembered or come to
mind. “ And we see
it also in Revelation 21:1, where the Apostle John records “Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for
the first heaven and the first earth had passed away. Also there was no more
sea.”
In the last days then, as Jesus tells those who are
listening to His teaching in the temple “These
things which you see – the days will come in which not one stone shall be left
upon another that shall not be thrown down.” The world which we see around us shall
be thrown down. The
Apostle Peter gives us a vivid description of the destruction that will
accompany the Day of the Lord in 2 Peter 3:10-13 where he writes:
10 But the day of the Lord will come
as a thief in the night, in which the heavens will pass away with a great
noise, and the elements will melt with fervent heat; both the earth and the
works that are in it will be burned up.
11 Therefore, since all these things will be dissolved, what manner of
persons ought you to be in holy conduct and godliness, 12 looking for and
hastening the coming of the day of God, because of which the heavens will be
dissolved, being on fire, and the elements will melt with fervent heat? 13
Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth
in which righteousness dwells.
When Teacher?
Notice that members of the crowd immediately ask Jesus about the
timing of these events: “Teacher,
but when will these things be? And what sign will there be when these things
are about to take place?”
They do not ask when Herod’s Temple will be thrown down but rather when these
things will happen. The wording of their questions, as well as the answers
Jesus gives them, suggest that they are asking about the last days. Matthew and
Mark’s Gospels indicate that it was Jesus’ disciples who asked. Why exactly
they desire to know the timing scripture does not say. But I know that many
believers, myself included, as well as non-believers, are fascinated by the
subject of the end times. The prevalence and popularity of end of the world
movies like 2012, The Day After Tomorrow, The Knowing, Melancolia, Road
Warrior, 12 Monkeys, The Stand, The Road, Armageddon, and The Book of Eli
testify to that fascination.
Observe that Jesus does not address their first question – “When will
these things be?” - at all. The reason for this I believe can be found near the
end of the parallel passages in Matthew and Mark. In Mark 13:32, Jesus says "But of that day and hour no one knows, not
even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father.” The events of the last days will happen
in the Father’s timing and no one but the Father, not even Jesus, knows the day
or the hour. But while the day and the hour are unknown, there are signs that
believers can look for to tell them that the last days are coming soon and
Jesus does list several of those for His listeners.
Deceivers will come
However, even before Jesus lists a single
sign of the last days, in all three Gospel accounts He first warns His
listeners not to be deceived. As the last days draw near, Jesus tells us there
will be many deceivers who arise, claiming to be Christ, and saying the last
days are at hand. In fact the appearance of these deceivers is the first signs
of the last days that Jesus gives us. In both Matthew and Mark’s accounts (Mark
13:21-23), Jesus elaborates a bit on the account in Luke:
Notice that in the account in Mark, Jesus
warns that If believers are not on our guard, it may be possible that even the elect, even those
within the Body of Christ who are in relationship with Christ, could be fooled
by the signs and wonders of these deceivers. Jesus tells us these things
beforehand expressly to help prevent such deception from happening. It is
important for us to realize how little we understand spiritual things and how
easily we can be fooled. Whenever we believe that we stand, scripture warns us
to be careful lest we fall (1 Corinthians 10:12-13).
Mankind as a
whole, and especially believers, has an enemy in Satan, who is known as a
deceiver for good reason. Satan is both a liar and the father of lies (John
8:44). His desire is to deceive everyone whom he can and he will be a deceiver
until the bitter end, when his final rebellion is crushed and he is cast into
the lake of fire (Rev 20:7-10). We should not be unaware of his devices, of how
he operates. I believe that this is one reason why it is so important to be
reading, memorizing, and meditating on God’s word – because if we are not in
God’s word, it might be more difficult for us to remember the warnings that
Jesus has given us, to recall God’s truths, and to recognize the deceiver’s
schemes.
Other signs of the last days
In our
passage in Luke Jesus now goes on to list several other signs by which we may
know that the last days are near. Jesus mentions specifically three kinds of
signs:
- wars and commotions, wherein nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom
- natural disasters, such as earthquakes, famines, and pestilences
- sights and signs from heaven, which are not elaborated here
The parallel
account in Matthew 24 lists three additional signs: “lawlessness will abound”
[Matt 24:12], “the love of many will grow cold” [Matt 24:12], and “the gospel
of the kingdom will be preached in all the world as a witness to all the
nations” [Matt 24:14]. Then, Jesus tells us, “the end will come.”
Bad as these signs sound, they are hardly the sum total of
the troubles that the last days will bring. In Matthew 24:8, having mentioned
the deceivers, the wars, and the natural disasters that will proceed the last
days, Jesus tells us “All
these are the beginnings of sorrows.” Meditate on these words. These are
just the beginnings of sorrows… It might
be the case that Jesus’ words are a word to the wise, telling us that the last
days themselves will be worse even than the signs that precede them. And we have
only to read the Book of Revelation to see how much worse things will get….
But first, persecution
However before these signs occur, those who
follow Jesus will experience persecution. And I believe that we can see this
persecution as another sign of the last days. That believers will be persecuted
should not come as a surprise. In fact believers have been persecuted from the
beginnings of the church in Acts. There is severe persecution of believers
today in some Asian and Moslem countries. However, in the US and Western
Europe, we are fortunate to be able to undergo mild persecution for our belief
in Christ.
From the beginning Jesus has urged would-be believers to
count the cost, because following Him will lead to persecution. Listen to
Jesus’ sobering words from Luke 9:57-62 to those who approached Him along the
road, pledging to follow Him:
57 Now it happened as they journeyed
on the road, that someone said to Him, "Lord, I will follow You wherever
You go."
58 And Jesus said to him,
"Foxes have holes and birds of the air have nests, but the Son of Man has
nowhere to lay His head."
59 Then He said to another,
"Follow Me."
But he said, "Lord, let me
first go and bury my father."
60 Jesus said to him, "Let the
dead bury their own dead, but you go and preach the kingdom of God."
61 And another also said,
"Lord, I will follow You, but let me first go and bid them farewell who
are at my house."
62 But Jesus said to him, "No
one, having put his hand to the plow, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of
God."
In fact many
of the warnings about persecution that we read in our passage in Luke can also
be found in in Matthew 10:16-23. Here Jesus addresses His twelve disciples as
He prepares to send them out to preach the kingdom of God to the people of Israel:
16 "Behold, I send you out as
sheep in the midst of wolves. Therefore be wise as serpents and harmless as
doves. 17 But beware of men, for they
will deliver you up to councils and scourge you in their synagogues. 18 You will be brought before governors and
kings for My sake, as a testimony to them and to the Gentiles. 19 But when they deliver you up, do not worry
about how or what you should speak. For it will be given to you in that hour
what you should speak; 20 for it is not
you who speak, but the Spirit of your Father who speaks in you.
21 "Now brother will deliver up
brother to death, and a father his child; and children will rise up against
parents and cause them to be put to death.
22 And you will be hated by all for My name's sake. But he who endures
to the end will be saved. 23 When they
persecute you in this city, flee to another. For assuredly, I say to you, you
will not have gone through the cities of Israel before the Son of Man comes.
In our
passage tonight Jesus warns that as the last days approach, the persecution of
believers will increase. Believers will be betrayed by parents, brothers,
relatives, friends, and even by fellow-believers Jesus warns. I believe that
the warning delivered by prophet Micah to a disobedient Judah and Israel will
be applicable to the last days as well. In Micah 7:5-7 we read:
5 Do not trust in a friend; Do not
put your confidence in a companion; Guard the doors of your mouth From her who
lies in your bosom. 6 For son dishonors
father, Daughter rises against her mother, Daughter-in-law against her
mother-in-law; A man's enemies are the men of his own household. 7 Therefore I will look to the Lord; I will
wait for the God of my salvation; My God will hear me.
As the last days approach, enemies of true believers will be
found even within the church. Take a closer look at Matthew 24:9-10, where
Jesus says:
9 "Then they will deliver you
up to tribulation and kill you, and you will be hated by all nations for My
name's sake. 10 And then many will be offended,
will betray one another, and will hate one another.
The NASB
makes this clearer still in its rendering of Matthew 24:10 - "At that time many will fall away and will
betray one another and hate one another.” Betrayed by those who are closest to them, by those
they love, by those they would expect to have their best interests at heart,
believers will be delivered up to be delivered to councils, beaten in
synagogues, thrown into prisons, brought before kings and rulers, even put to
death, all for sake of the name of Jesus.
Occasion for testimony
Yet, Jesus tells us, these persecutions will be
opportunities for us to testify about the Gospel. Furthermore, we are not to worry beforehand
or premeditate about what we should say when we are being persecuted. The Holy
Spirit will give us the words (Mark 13:11); “for I will
give you a mouth and wisdom which all your adversaries will not be able to
contradict or resist.”
And just as
Jesus promises to give us the words to speak, He also reassures them that even
though some of them will be put to death, “But
not a hair on your head shall be lost.” God is sovereign, even when we are being persecuted. If
we love Him and are walking in His will, we can take comfort in the promise of
Romans 8:28: “And we know that all things
work together for good to those who love God, to those who are the called
according to His purpose.”
Turn with me to Romans 8 and let’s read Paul’s words of encouragement in verses
31-39:
31 What then shall we say to these
things? If God is for us, who can be against us? 32 He who did not spare His
own Son, but delivered Him up for us all, how shall He not with Him also freely
give us all things? 33 Who shall bring a charge against God's elect? It is God
who justifies. 34 Who is he who condemns? It is Christ who died, and
furthermore is also risen, who is even at the right hand of God, who also makes
intercession for us. 35 Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall
tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or
sword? 36 As it is written:
"For Your sake we are killed
all day long; We are accounted as sheep for the slaughter."
7 Yet in all these things we are
more than conquerors through Him who loved us. 38 For I am persuaded that
neither death nor life, nor angels nor principalities nor powers, nor things
present nor things to come, 39 nor height nor depth, nor any other created
thing, shall be able to separate us from the love of God which is in Christ
Jesus our Lord.
Listen to what Jesus tells His disciples
about these persecutions at the conclusion of our passage tonight: “By your patience [or endurance] possess your souls.” Or, as Jesus puts it in Mark 13:13
and Matthew 24:13, “But he who endures to
the end shall be saved.”
We are not called to seek persecution but nor are we called for the most part
to fear or flee it either. Rather we are called to endure it, with joy,
remembering that “the sufferings of
this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be
revealed in us.”
(Romans 8:18)
What can we say: are we in the last days?
As we look at the signs that Jesus tells us
indicate that the end is near, what can we conclude? Are the last days at hand
or not? Last week we listed the following signs of the last days found in Luke
21 and the parallel accounts of Matthew 24, and Mark 13:
- Deceivers will arise, claiming to be Christ and predicting that the end is at hand
- Wars and rumors of wars will increase
- Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, famines, and pestilences will increase
- Sights and signs from heaven will increase
- Lawlessness will abound
- The love of many will grow cold
- The gospel of the kingdom will be preached in all the world as a witness to all the nations
- Persecution of believers will increase within families and churches
As we look at this list, it seems clear - to me
at least - that people have experienced many of these signs have been seen for
many hundreds, if not thousands, of years. We will look at several of these
signs in more detail. At the outset we need to be clear that for many of these
signs it is difficult to know whether or not we are seeing an increase. It is
not clear that accurate record keeping of wars, disasters, and false messiahs
was a priority in the past. And even if it was, records often do not survive
from one generation to another. For example, the detailed genealogical records
kept by the Jews were apparently destroyed along with the different temples in
Jerusalem. And even when ancient records do survive, they are often hard to access
and difficult to interpret. Granted that the collection and access to
information have improved greatly in the last centuries, I believe we can get
at least a sense of the general trends.
Deceivers will arise
There have been many individuals claiming to be either Jesus or the Messiah. If the lists on Wikipedia are trustworthy, there are 24 people who claimed to be the Jewish Messiah and 34 who claimed to be the Christian Messiah. There are also 34 names of people from the 19th-21st centuries who claimed to be Jesus. Wikipedia also lists 16 unfulfilled prophesies of when the Second Coming of Christ would occur, as well as 5 additional prophesies predicting a date later than 2012.
Wars and rumors of wars
Looking at the compilations of recorded wars available online, we can see a similar trend there. Even allowing for problems with record keeping, the number of wars has spiked in the last two centuries and the 21st century is on track to have even more wars still!
Compiled from
Wikipedia
Natural disasters
The World
Health Organization’s EM-DAT online site tracks world-wide disasters, where a
disaster meets at least one of the following conditions:
- Ten (10) or more people reported killed.
- Hundred (100) or more people reported affected.
- Declaration of a state of emergency.
- Call for international assistance.
If we look at
reported natural disasters by decade from 1900 to 2011 (and by natural
disasters we mean here droughts, earthquakes, epidemics,
floods, storms, volcanic eruptions, and wildfires), we can see that the number of
reported disasters per decade has steadily increasing since about 1940 although
it has dropped off a bit since 2006.
Here is the
same information, summed by decade:
Lawlessness will increase
The Greek word translated “lawlessness” is “anomia,”
which means either “the condition of one without law, either from ignorance or
violation thereof,” or “contempt and violation of law, iniquity, wickedness.”
My opinion here is that the second sense is what is intended - that intentional
wickedness will increase as the last days approach. Listen to what I believe
Paul has to say about this lawlessness of the last days in 2 Timothy 3:1-5:
3 But know this, that in the last
days perilous times will come: 2 For men will be lovers of themselves, lovers
of money, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful,
unholy, 3 unloving, unforgiving, slanderers, without self-control, brutal,
despisers of good, 4 traitors, headstrong, haughty, lovers of pleasure rather
than lovers of God, 5 having a form of godliness but denying its power. And
from such people turn away!
As I look at the world around me, I believe I
see many of these things happening right before my eyes…. More than before I
can see people concerned only for themselves, loving money for the comforts it
can purchase for them. I believe that many businesses ultimately care less
about their customers than their customers’ money. We see a great many items
made to be disposable yet priced as if they would last forever.
The gospel will be preached to all nations
There is some
disagreement over how Jesus’ words in Matthew 24:14 should be understood: “And this gospel of the kingdom will be
preached in all the world as a witness to all the nations, and then the end
will come.” The controversy surrounds the Greek word “oikoumene,”
translated as “world” or “earth,” but with the sense of “the known world”
(i.e., the Roman Empire). Clearly this is how the word is used in Luke 2:1: “And it came to pass in those days that a
decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be registered.” Since Rome never conquered anywhere
near all of the countries and nations on earth, the census referred to here was
only empire-wide, not world-wide.
The question then becomes: should Jesus’ words be
understood as calling for the Gospel to be preached though out the known world
of His day? There is some evidence for such an interpretation in scripture. For
example, in Romans 10:16-18, Paul writes:
16 But they have not all obeyed the
gospel. For Isaiah says, "Lord, who has believed our report?" 17 So then faith comes by hearing, and
hearing by the word of God.
18 But I say, have they not heard?
Yes indeed:
"Their sound has gone out to
all the earth [same Greek word], And their words to the ends of the
world."
And Paul
again, this time in Colossians 1:3-8, writes:
3 We give thanks to the God and
Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, praying always for you, 4 since we heard of
your faith in Christ Jesus and of your love for all the saints; 5 because of
the hope which is laid up for you in heaven, of which you heard before in the
word of the truth of the gospel, 6 which has come to you, as it has also in all
the world [kosmos, different word], and is bringing forth fruit, as it is also
among you since the day you heard and knew the grace of God in truth; 7 as you
also learned from Epaphras, our dear fellow servant, who is a faithful minister
of Christ on your behalf, 8 who also declared to us your love in the Spirit.
But regardless of how we are to interpret Jesus’
words, it would seem that by now, the Gospel has been preached to all the
world, or at least in every country. According to The Almanac of the Christian World, by the year 1990, there
were Christians and Christian churches in every country of the world. In these
countries and areas the Gospel has been preached to over 4 billion people.
The Bible has
also been translated either partially or entirely into over 2,000 different
languages and dialects. This means that at least some part of the Bible is now
available to about 98 percent of the world's population.
In addition,
there are in excess of 50 million Bibles are distributed every year, as well as
nearly 80 million New Testaments. Other Christian books are also proliferating,
with some 3 billion being printed every year by 1,500 presses and publishers,
along with nearly four billion Gospel tracts. The Gospel is also preached from
2,160 Christian radio and television stations, and religious shows are carried
on many more thousands of secular stations.
Other signs mentioned in scripture
If we broaden
our scope a bit, and include other NT references to the last days besides the
Gospels, we can add the following signs of the last days:
- Some will fall away from the faith (1 Timothy 4:1-3)
- Perilous times will come (2 Timothy 3:1-5)
- God will speak to mankind through His Son (Hebrews 1:1-2)
- Scoffers will come (2 Peter 3:3-4)
- Mockers will walk according to their own ungodly lusts (Jude 17)
Some of these
signs in my opinion, are closely related to signs we have already discussed. We
have already mentioned 2 Timothy 3:1-5 in conjunction with the rise of
lawlessness. The appearance of scoffers and mockers could be seen as yet more
instances of deceivers, trying to turn believers from the truth.
While the
evidence of the various signs is compelling, the strongest reason to believe
that we are in fact in the last days is the fact that the Bible tells us so
twice, in Acts and Hebrews. After the indwelling of the Holy Spirit on the Day
of Pentecost, the disciples began to speak in tongues. The crowds there began
to cry out that the disciples were drunk. However Peter stepped forward to set
them straight (Acts 2:14-17).
14 But Peter, standing up with the
eleven, raised his voice and said to them, "Men of Judea and all who dwell
in Jerusalem, let this be known to you, and heed my words. 15 For these are not
drunk, as you suppose, since it is only the third hour of the day. 16 But this
is what was spoken by the prophet Joel:
17 'And it shall come to pass in the
last days, says God, That I will pour out of My Spirit on all flesh; Your sons
and your daughters shall prophesy, Your young men shall see visions, Your old
men shall dream dreams.
Peter tells
them that what they are hearing is a fulfillment of a prophesy from Joel
2:28-32 that God will in the last days pour out His Spirit on all flesh, rather
than on just prophets and kings. The fulfillment of this prophesy indicates
that we are in the last days.
The other
passage is the opening of the Book of Hebrews 1:1-2, which reads:
1 God, who at various times and in
various ways spoke in time past to the fathers by the prophets, 2 has in these
last days spoken to us by His Son, whom He has appointed heir of all things,
through whom also He made the worlds;
Here we learn that in these last days God has
chosen to speak to His people through His Son Jesus Christ. Although the
various signs point to the fact that we are in the last days, the Bible
directly tells us so. We can take the Lord at His word; He is not a liar and in
Him there is no shadow of changing; rather He is the truth. This is also
consistent with the belief within the early church that the second coming was
imminent.
Since we are – I believe – in the last days, what
ought we to do? Jesus gives us several parables to this effect: the parable of
the wise and foolish virgins - Matt 25:1-13, the parable of the faithful and
the evil servant - Matthew 24:45-51, and the parable of the fig tree - Luke
21:29-33, to name just a few. We need to watch and be ready, with our lamps
trimmed and filled with oil, and with a reservoir of additional oil to boot, in
case Our Lord tarries. In closing this evening I want to read to you from Thessalonians
5:1-11, where Paul talks to those believers about the last days:
1 But concerning the times and the
seasons, brethren, you have no need that I should write to you. 2 For you
yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so comes as a thief in the
night. 3 For when they say, "Peace and safety!" then sudden
destruction comes upon them, as labor pains upon a pregnant woman. And they
shall not escape. 4 But you, brethren, are not in darkness, so that this Day
should overtake you as a thief. 5 You are all sons of light and sons of the
day. We are not of the night nor of darkness. 6 Therefore let us not sleep, as
others do, but let us watch and be sober. 7 For those who sleep, sleep at
night, and those who get drunk are drunk at night. 8 But let us who are of the
day be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love, and as a helmet the
hope of salvation. 9 For God did not appoint us to wrath, but to obtain
salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ, 10 who died for us, that whether we
wake or sleep, we should live together with Him.
11 Therefore comfort each other and
edify one another, just as you also are doing.
My prayer for us all is that we live with
expectancy of His return. We are in the last days; we need to watch and be
sober!
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